Communications in Humanities Research ISSN: 2753-7072
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Research Article

The Formation and Interaction of Intercontinental Social Structures from 1500 to 1650 — Take China, Spain, and Latin America as Examples

Xiran WangUniversity of Birmingham*

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

The period from 1500 to 1650 marked the onset of the Age of Discovery, when the global trade network took initial shape, large-scale colonial ventures unfolded, and cross-cultural exchanges intensified. Through case studies of China, Spain, and Latin America, this study explores that unique era. It conducts a systematic review of academic literature on social formations in these global regions, examining their fundamental characteristics, variations, generative conditions, and interregional relationships. Prior regional isolations were broken by the era, creating chances for more extensive social interactions outside of local boundaries. Even as commodity economies grew during China's Ming-Qing transition, autocratic governance turned inward for regime stability. Spain reshaped its class structure and economic structure by consolidating its colonies abroad and attracting wealth. As a colony of Europe, Latin America was completely subjugated and displayed glaring signs of colonial subordination. The essay summarizes the opinions of academics regarding these formations, draws attention to differences through comparative analysis, and investigates how political structures, economic theories, and cultural legacies influenced their development. It captures discussions on their societal connections while delving deeper into interregional ties through colonialism and trade. Finally, the study identifies specific social structures of the period, provides information about common and different civilizational paths during transitions, improves understanding of social pluralism, and provides insights into the emerging global order of early globalization—its origins in intercontinental ties and contributions to contemporary global social history.

Keywords: Transcontinental social structure; early globalization; China; Spain; Latin America
Published: November 26, 2025
DOI: 10.54254/2753-7064/2025.NS29974
Volume: CHR Vol.98
pp. 174-181
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