Research Article

Defining and Operationalising “AI Film” Within a Transmedia Storytelling Framework

Qiushi WangThe University of New South Wales*

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

We advance an operational definition of “AI film” that integrates three lenses—computer-science systems and capabilities, communication/media studies on storyworlds and circulation, and industry/labour governance on contracts and credit. We formalize five dimensions—Generative Agency (GA), World Modularity (WM), Orchestrated Personalisation (OP), Algorithmic Distribution (AD), and Labour/Credit governance (LC)—and translate them into auditable coding criteria. Each dimension is specified with decision anchors (e.g., GA from assistive use to automated control; AD within a 7–14 day attention window) and evidence requirements (assets, logs, platform signals). Applying the framework to three contemporary cases (Marvel’s Secret Invasion title sequence, the indie horror Late Night with the Devil publicity stills, and TriStar’s Here with on-set face replacement), we map a gradient from peripheral augmentation to embedded, real-time generativity. We find that OP remains largely latent despite technical feasibility, while AD is frequently catalyzed by controversy or milestone coverage. The framework reduces false positives in classifying “AI film”, clarifies where ethical and legal risks concentrate (disclosure, consent, remuneration), and offers reproducible guidelines for empirical studies. We conclude with implications for credit attribution, contractual language, and cross-platform orchestration in transmedia environments.

Keywords: Ai film; transmedia storytelling; generative models; algorithmic distribution; labour and credit
Published: October 23, 2025
DOI: 10.54254/2753-7064/2025.KM28231
Volume: CHR Vol.86
pp. 65-80
Download PDF

References

  1. Gomez-Uribe, C. A., & Hunt, N. (2015). The Netflix recommender system: Algorithms, business value, and innovation. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems, 6(4), Article 13. https: //doi.org/10.1145/2843948
  2. Covington, P., Adams, J., & Sargin, E. (2016). Deep neural networks for YouTube recommendations. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys ’16) (pp. 191–198). ACM. https: //doi.org/10.1145/2959100.2959190
  3. Writers Guild of America. (2023a). 2023 MBA: Contract changes—AI FAQ. Retrieved from https: //www.wga.org/contracts/contract-2023/contract-changes
  4. SAG-AFTRA. (2023a). TV/Theatrical contracts 2023—Summary of tentative agreement. Retrieved from https: //www.sagaftra.org/sites/default/files/sa_documents/TV-Theatrical_23_Summary_Agreement_Final.pdf
  5. SAG-AFTRA. (2024). Terms to know. Retrieved from https: //www.sagaftra.org/terms-know
  6. Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York University Press.
  7. OpenAI. (2024, February 15). Sora: Creating video from text. OpenAI Blog. Retrieved from https: //openai.com/index/sora/
  8. Google DeepMind. (n.d.). Veo. Retrieved September 18, 2025, from https: //deepmind.google/technologies/veo/
  9. Runway. (2024, June 17). Introducing Gen-3 Alpha: A new frontier for video generation. Runway Research. Retrieved from https: //runwayml.com/research/introducing-gen-3-alpha
  10. European Union. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union. https: //eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng
  11. European Commission. (2024). AI act – Application timeline. Shaping Europe’s Digital Future. Retrieved from https: //digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai
  12. Forristal, L. (2023, June 21). Artists are upset that 'Secret Invasion’ used AI art for opening credits. TechCrunch. https: //techcrunch.com/2023/06/21/marvel-secret-invasion-ai-art-opening-credits/
  13. Watercutter, A. (2023, June 21). Marvel’s Secret Invasion used AI for its title sequence, and people are not happy. WIRED. Retrieved from https: //www.wired.com/story/marvel-secret-invasion-ai-credits/
  14. Lammers, T. (2024, March 22). 'Late Night With The Devil’ filmmakers acknowledge using AI in “three still images”. Forbes. Retrieved from https: //www.forbes.com/sites/timlammers/2024/03/22/late-night-with-the-devil-filmmakers-acknowledge-using-ai-in-three-still-images/
  15. Goodfellow, I., Pouget-Abadie, J., Mirza, M., Xu, B., Warde-Farley, D., Ozair, S., Courville, A., & Bengio, Y. (2014). Generative adversarial nets. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 27 (NIPS 2014). https: //proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2014/file/f033ed80deb0234979a61f95710dbe25-Paper.pdf
  16. Ho, J., Jain, A., & Abbeel, P. (2020). Denoising diffusion probabilistic models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (NeurIPS 2020). https: //arxiv.org/abs/2006.11239
  17. Rombach, R., Blattmann, A., Lorenz, D., Esser, P., & Ommer, B. (2022). High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (pp. 10684–10695). https: //openaccess.thecvf.com/content/CVPR2022/html/Rombach_High-Resolution_Image_Synthesis_With_Latent_Diffusion_Models_CVPR_2022_paper.html
  18. Ho, J., Chan, W., Saharia, C., Whang, J., Gao, R., Gritsenko, A., ... & Fleet, D. J. (2022). Imagen video: High definition video generation with diffusion models. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2210.02303. https: //arxiv.org/abs/2210.02303
  19. Ryan, M.-L., & Thon, J.-N. (Eds.). (2014). Storyworlds across media: Toward a media-conscious narratology. University of Nebraska Press.
  20. Napoli, P. M. (2014). Automated media: An institutional theory perspective on algorithmic media production and consumption. Communication Theory, 24(3), 340–360. https: //doi.org/10.1111/comt.12039
  21. Striphas, T. (2015). Algorithmic culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 18(4–5), 395–412. https: //doi.org/10.1177/1367549415577392
  22. Writers Guild of America. (2023b). 2023 Minimum Basic Agreement (MBA) – Summary. Retrieved from https: //www.wga.org/contracts/contract-2023
  23. SAG-AFTRA. (2023b). Contract bulletin: A.I. synthetic performer vs digital replicas. Retrieved from https: //www.sagaftra.org/contract-bulletin-ai-synthetic-performer-vs-digital-replicas
  24. Krishnan, G. (2016, May 3). Selecting the best artwork for videos through A/B testing. Netflix TechBlog. https: //netflixtechblog.com/selecting-the-best-artwork-for-videos-through-a-b-testing-f6155c4595f6
  25. Chandrashekar, A., Amat, F., Basilico, J., & Jebara, T. (2017, December 7). Artwork personalization at Netflix. Netflix Technology Blog. https: //netflixtechblog.com/artwork-personalization-at-netflix-c589f074ad76
  26. Kinder, M. (1991). Playing with power in movies, television, and video games: From Muppet babies to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. University of California Press.
  27. Herman, D. (2002). Story logic: Problems and possibilities of narrative. University of Nebraska Press.
  28. Mittell, J. (2015). Complex TV: The poetics of contemporary television storytelling. New York University Press.
  29. Scolari, C. A. (2009). Transmedia storytelling: Implicit consumers, narrative worlds, and branding in contemporary media production. International Journal of Communication, 3, 586–606. https: //ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/477
  30. Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2013). Spreadable media: Creating value and meaning in a networked culture. New York University Press.
  31. Maddox, J., & Gill, F. (2023). Assembling “sides” of TikTok: Examining community, culture, and interface through a BookTok case study. Social Media + Society, 9(4). https: //doi.org/10.1177/20563051231213565
  32. Gerbaudo, P. (2024). TikTok and the algorithmic transformation of social media publics: From social networks to social interest clusters. Information, Communication & Society. Advance online publication. https: //doi.org/10.1177/14614448241304106
  33. Netflix. (2021, November 16). Top 10 things to know about our weekly Top 10. https: //about.netflix.com/news/top-10-things-about-Netflix-top-10
  34. Crane, R., & Sornette, D. (2008). Robust dynamic classes revealed by measuring the response function of a social system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(41), 15649–15653. https: //doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803685105
  35. Szabo, G., & Huberman, B. A. (2008). Predicting the popularity of online content. arXiv preprint arXiv: 0811.0405. https: //arxiv.org/abs/0811.0405
  36. Netflix. (2023, December 12). What we watched: A Netflix engagement report. https: //about.netflix.com/news/what-we-watched-a-netflix-engagement-report
  37. Netflix. (2024, May 23). What we watched: The second half of 2023. https: //about.netflix.com/news/what-we-watched-the-second-half-of-2023
  38. Mirowski, P., Mathewson, K. W., Pittman, J., & Evans, R. (2022). Co-writing screenplays and theatre scripts with language models: An evaluation by industry professionals. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2209.14958. https: //dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3544548.3581225
  39. Singer, U., Polyak, A., Hayes, T., Yin, X., An, J., Zhang, S., ... & Taigman, Y. (2022). Make-A-Video: Text-to-video generation without text-video data. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2209.14792. https: //arxiv.org/abs/2209.14792
  40. Bar-Tal, O., Chefer, H., Tov, O., Herrmann, C., Paiss, R., Zada, S., ... & Wolf, L. (2024). Lumiere: A space-time diffusion model for video generation. arXiv preprint arXiv: 2401.12945. https: //arxiv.org/abs/2401.12945
  41. Millman, Z. (2023, June 21). Secret Invasion credits were made with AI, and its director defends the choice. Polygon. Retrieved from https: //www.polygon.com/23768740/secret-invasion-credits-ai-method-studios
  42. DiPlacido, D. (2023, June 23). Marvel fans aren’t happy with Secret Invasion’s AI-generated opening credits. Forbes. Retrieved from https: //www.forbes.com/sites/danidiplacido/2023/06/23/marvel-fans-arent-happy-with-secret-invasions-ai-generated-opening-credits/
  43. Redmond, M. (2023, June 21). The 'Secret Invasion’ opening credits are AI-generated and people are not happy. UPROXX. Retrieved from https: //uproxx.com/tv/secret-invasion-opening-credits-ai-marvel/
  44. Holub, C. (2024, March 21). Late Night with the Devil directors respond to controversy over AI-generated images. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved from https: //ew.com/movies/late-night-with-the-devil-directors-address-ai-controversy/
  45. Turner, G. (2024, March 24). Late Night With The Devil’s AI images controversy explained. ScreenRant. Retrieved from https: //screenrant.com/late-night-with-the-devil-ai-images-controversy-explained/
  46. Schneider, J. (2024, March 21). Directors of 'Late Night With the Devil’ acknowledge the use of AI in film. PetaPixel. Retrieved from https: //petapixel.com/2024/03/21/directors-of-late-night-with-the-devil-acknowledge-the-use-of-ai-in-film/
  47. Edwards, B. (2024, February 1). Robert Zemeckis will use AI to de-age Tom Hanks and Robin Wright in Here. Ars Technica. Retrieved from https: //arstechnica.com/information-technology/2024/02/robert-zemeckis-will-use-ai-to-de-age-tom-hanks-and-robin-wright-in-here/
  48. Metaphysic. (2023, January 31). Metaphysic announces strategic partnership with CAA; named generative AI provider for Miramax’s “Here” [Press release]. PR Newswire. https: //www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/metaphysic-announces-strategic-partnership-with-creative-artists-agency-named-generative-ai-provider-for-miramaxs-here-301734767.html
  49. Cobb, K. (2023, June 22). Marvel used AI to create “Secret Invasion” opening credits: “It felt explorative and inevitable”. TheWrap. https: //www.thewrap.com/marvel-secret-invasion-ai-opening-credits/