Communications in Humanities Research ISSN: 2753-7072
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Research Article

Review of Research on the Transfer of L3 (German) to L2 (English) Learning among Native Chinese Speakers

Xiaoyue WuBeijing International Studies University*

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Based on L1 Chinese, this study examines the multidirectional transfer mechanisms among Chinese (L1), English (L2), and German (L3), highlighting bidirectional influences beyond traditional unidirectional models. It explores how L3 German acquisition impacts L2 English across phonetic, lexical, and syntactic levels, mediated by L1 Chinese. Key findings reveal that typological proximity between English and German intensifies transfer, while L2 proficiency and L3 exposure duration modulate its direction and strength. Effective trilingual strategies involve three interconnected approaches. Firstly, leverage the linguistic proximity between English and German by designing explicit comparative training on phonological, lexical, and grammatical similarities and differences to foster positive cross-linguistic transfer while mitigating interference. Secondly, prioritize the consolidation of foundational L2 English proficiency, encompassing core grammar and high-frequency vocabulary, to establish a stable system resilient to L3 influence; this involves sustained L2 maintenance activities and, for advanced learners, structured language-switching tasks to enhance metalinguistic awareness. Thirdly, manage initial L3 exposure through a graduated model starting with limited, structured input, progressively increasing intensity as learners gain explicit control over L2-L3 boundaries, with conscious monitoring strategies and instructor collaboration to track and counteract unintended reverse transfer effects.

Keywords: Third Language Acquisition; Language Transfer; Bidirectional Transfer
Published: October 23, 2025
DOI: 10.54254/2753-7064/2025.HT27994
Volume: CHR Vol.85
pp. 33-39
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