Research Article

The Role and Mechanisms of the Input Hypothesis, Output Hypothesis, and Sociocultural Theory in Enhancing ESL Learners' Language Proficiency

Xinyan LiUniversity of Manchester*

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper has explored the influence of recommendation systems driven by algorithms on short video apparel such as Douyin and Xiaohongshu on the creation of content, visual culture, and smart interactions between users. Through the analysis of how these platforms are organized and how people are reacting to them, the study reveals that the algorithm is a major determinant of content environment creation. Although personalized recommendations enhance user experience and product delivery, they are a source of concerns too. These are bias in algorithms, cultural homogeneousity and insufficient room to express creativity. This control over particular content by high-ranking styles and formats may displace unique or alternative content. Also, the development of AI-generated videos, despite its convenience, is more likely to repeat some trendy trends and potentially further narrow the range of creativity on platforms. Regardless of these observations, this study does not lack restrictions. To begin with, it is based mostly on qualitative and platform analysis, and it does not involve the vast amounts of empirical user data or interviews with creators. This limits the level of insight into user perception, as well as, personal creative strategies. Subsequent studies might offer a better mixed approach to this by utilizing both qualitative (interviews with content creators and platform engineers) and quantitative (user engagement data) data.

Keywords: input hypothesis; output hypothesis; sociocultural theory; ESL.
Published: June 13, 2025
DOI: 10.54254/2753-7064/2025.BO23808
Volume: CHR Vol.67
pp. 114-119
Download PDF

References

  1. Angelova, M., & Zhao, Y. (2016). Using an online collaborative project between American and Chinese students to develop ESL teaching skills, cross-cultural awareness and language skills. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 29(1), 167-185
  2. Patrick, R. (2019). Comprehensible Input and Krashen's theory. Journal of Classics Teaching, 20(39), 37-44.
  3. Peker, H., & Arslan, Z. (2020). A critique of Merrill Swain’s output hypothesis in language learning and teaching. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 16(1), 99-108.
  4. Tzuriel, D., & Tzuriel, D. (2021). The socio-cultural theory of Vygotsky. Mediated learning and cognitive modifiability, 53-66.
  5. Aziz, A. A., & Kashinathan, S. (2021). ESL learners’ challenges in speaking English in Malaysian classroom. Development, 10(2), 983-991.
  6. DeCapua, A., & Wintergerst, A. C. (2016). Crossing cultures in the language classroom. University of Michigan Press.
  7. Ali, S., Kazemian, B., & Mahar, I. H. (2015). The importance of culture in second and foreign language learning. Dinamika Ilmu, 15(1), 1-10.
  8. Namaziandost, E., Dehkordi, E. S., & Shafiee, S. (2019). Comparing the effectiveness of input-based and output-based activities on productive knowledge of vocabulary among pre-intermediate EFL learners. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 4, 1-14.