Semantic Universal in Written Suicidal Ideation Through the Lens of Camusian Absurd
Abstract
This exploratory study focuses on linguistic markers of existential distress in written suicidal ideation, examining suicide notes through the philosophical lens of the Camusian Absurd and proposing that suicidal communication reflects the existential tension between a search for meaning and an indifferent reality. By identifying recurring themes of despair, alienation, repetition and cognitive dissonance, the research suggests that the Camusian Absurd could be considered as a semantic universal in written suicidal ideation. Qualitative discourse analysis and quantitative semantic coding are combined to investigate three suicide notes from culturally diverse backgrounds: a young Chinese girl, an Urdu-speaking son, and an English-speaking woman. This study also lays the groundwork for developing the Camusian Absurd in Suicidal Communication Analyzer (CASCA), a proposed tool to analyze existential despair in written suicidal ideation. Future research may extend this approach with natural language processing to explore larger datasets, treating suicidal ideation as a genre to deepen interdisciplinary understanding of existential distress in suicidal communication.
References
- Harmer, B., Lee, S., Duong, T. V. H., & Saadabadi, A. (2024). Suicidal ideation. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565877/
- Bostwick, J. M., & Pankratz, V. S. (2000). Affective disorders and suicide risk: A reexamination. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(12), 1925-1932. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1925
- Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2014). Differentiating suicide attempters from suicide ideators: A critical frontier for suicidology research. Suicide and Life‐Threatening Behavior, 44(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12068
- Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., De Girolamo, G., Gluzman, S., Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., Lepine, J. P., Levinson, D., Medina-Mora, M. E., ... Williams, D. R. (2008). Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(2), 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.040113
- Joiner, T. E. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Harvard University Press.
- De Beurs, D., Fried, E., Wetherall, K., Cleare, S., O'Connor, D., Ferguson, E., O’Carroll, R., & O’Connor, R. (2019). Exploring the psychology of suicidal ideation: A theory driven network analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 120, 103419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103419
- Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, Braithwaite SR, Selby EA, Joiner TE Jr. The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev. 2010 Apr;117(2):575-600. doi: 10.1037/a0018697. PMID: 20438238; PMCID: PMC3130348.
- Leenaars, A. A. (1999). Suicide notes: Predictive clues and patterns. Human Sciences Press.
- Leenaars, A. A. (2010). Edwin S. Shneidman on suicide. Suicidology Online, 1, 5–18. https://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_278207_2
- Rogers, J. R., Bromley, J. L., McNally, C. J., & Lester, D. (2007). Content analysis of suicide notes as a test of the motivational component of the Existential‐Constructivist model of suicide. Journal of Counseling & Development, 85(2), 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00461.x
- De Leo, D., Draper, B., & Krysinska, K. (2021). Suicidal older people in clinical and community settings. In Oxford University Press eBooks (pp. 621–642). https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834441.003.0071
- Lester, D., & Leenaars, A. A. (2016). Gender differences in suicide notes: A linguistic study. Death Studies, 40(10), 641–647.
- Schnyder, U., Valach, L., Bichsel, K., & Michel, K. (1999). Attempted suicide: Do we understand the patients' reasons? General Hospital Psychiatry, 21(1), 62–69.
- Pennebaker, J. W., Boyd, R. L., Jordan, K., & Blackburn, K. (2015). The development and psychometric properties of LIWC2015. University of Texas at Austin.
- Rude, S. S., Gortner, E. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2004). Language use of depressed and depression-vulnerable college students. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(1), 167–182.
- Stirman, S. W., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2001). Word use in the poetry of suicidal and nonsuicidal poets. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 517–522.
- Cohen, S. J. (2016). Mapping the minds of suicide bombers using linguistic methods: The corpus of Palestinian suicide bombers’ farewell letters (CoPSBFL). Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 39(7–8), 749–780. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2016.1141005
- Glenn, J. J., Nobles, A. L., Barnes, L. E., & Teachman, B. A. (2020). Can text messages identify suicide risk in real time? A within-subjects pilot examination of temporally sensitive markers of suicide risk. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(4), 704–722. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620906146
- Teixeira, A. S., Talaga, S., Swanson, T. J., & Stella, M. (2021). Revealing semantic and emotional structure of suicide notes with cognitive network science. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-
- Alba-Juez, L., & Mackenzie, J. L. (Eds.). (2023). The Cambridge Handbook of Language and Emotion. Cambridge University Press. https://www.cambridge.org
- Sun, Y., Wang, P., & Tang, J. (2022). Impact of mental health, job insecurity, and COVID-19 symptoms on protective behavior changes among white, black, and other minorities in the US. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1040413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1040413
- Camus, A. (1942). The myth of Sisyphus. Vintage.
- Kafka, F. (1925). The trial (D. Wyllie, Trans.). Project Gutenberg.
- Webber, J. (2018). Rethinking existentialism. Oxford University Press.
- Hochberg, H. (1965). Albert Camus and the ethic of absurdity. Ethics, 75(2), 87–102.
- Harmon-Jones, E., Amodio, D. M., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2009). Action-based model of dissonance: A review, integration, and expansion of conceptions of cognitive conflict. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 41, pp. 119–166. Elsevier Academic Press.
- Proulx, T., & Inzlicht, M. (2012). The Five “A”s of Meaning Maintenance: Finding Meaning in the Theories of Sense-Making. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 317-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2012.702372
- Stanley, J. (2007). Language in context: Selected essays. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225927.001.0001
- Kalashnikova, O., Leontiev, D., Rasskazova, E., & Taranenko, O. (2022). Meaning of life as a resource for coping with psychological crisis: Comparisons of suicidal and non-suicidal patients. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957782
- Dwyer, C. (2023). Absurdism and coping: A follow-up on “It is what it is.” Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/nz/blog/thoughts-on-thinking/202307/absurdism-and-coping-a-follow-up-on-it-is-what-it-is
- Aadahl, V., Wells, A., Hallard, R., & Pratt, D. (2021). Metacognitive beliefs and suicidal ideation: An experience sampling study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23), 12336. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312336
- Attum, B., Hafiz, S., Malik, A., & Shamoon, Z. (2019). Cultural competence in the care of Muslim patients and their families. StatPearls. https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29763108
- Lichtenfeld, S., Buechner, V. L., Maier, M. A., & Fernández-Capo, M. (2015). Forgive and forget: Differences between decisional and emotional forgiveness. PLoS ONE, 10(5), e0125561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125561