Research Article

Analysis of Bias in International Education from the Perspective of Intersectionality Theory

Chaopeng PengSimon Fraser University*

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

International students encounter more psychological, structural, and social challenges that negatively affect their mental health, academic engagement, and college readiness. Collectively, these challenges have a crucially negative effect on their academic achievement. To be specific, previous researchers often attribute international students' lower academic performance to experiences of sexism or racism alone. However, intersectionality theory suggests that harmful stereotypes can compound and lead to heightened discrimination; for instance, black female students experience significantly more discrimination than white male students, thereby considerably limiting their opportunities to achieve excellent academic success and engage in university social activities. Thus, by reviewing previous findings, the current study argues that the multiple disadvantaged identities of international students compound to negatively affect their academic performance, particularly when they have intersections of both underprivileged gender and race. The current study highlights the critical role of intersectional identities in international students' differential vulnerability, making them more vulnerable to intersectional biases than native students. Furthermore, the up-to-date intervention proposed to promote education equity for international students is discussed. Fortunately, numerous classroom designs attempt to engage international students in classroom education and are deployed to satisfy international students' diverse needs, the most sophisticated of which is the flipped classroom.

Keywords: Intersectionality; Education equity; International students; Flipped classroom; Academic achievement
Published: December 9, 2024
DOI: 10.54254/2753-7064/2024.18157
Volume: CHR Vol.63
pp. 197-202
Download PDF

References

  1. Lee J., Kim N., Wu Y. (2019) College readiness and engagement gaps between domestic and international students: Re-envisioning educational diversity and equity for global campus. Higher education, 77(3):505–23.
  2. Castagnetti C., Rosti L. (2009) Effort allocation in tournaments: the Effect of Gender on Academic Performance in Italian Universities. Economics of education review, 28(3):357–69.
  3. Schiele JH. (2007) Implications Of The Equality-Of-Oppression Paradigm For Curriculum Content On People Of Color. Journal of Social Work Education, 43(1):83–100
  4. Jones TM., Williford A., Spencer MS., Riggs NR., Toll R., George M., et al. (2021) School Mental Health Providers’ Perspectives on the Impact of COVID-19 on Racial Inequities and School Disengagement. Children & schools, 43(2):97–106.
  5. Lee OE., Parajuli J. (2024) Incorporating Intersectionality of Gender and Race Into an Assignment: Students Interviewing Their Grandparents. Journal of Social Work Education, 60(2):255–65.
  6. Cho S., Crenshaw KW., McCall L. (2013) Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis. Signs, 38(4):785–810.
  7. Crenshaw K.(1991) Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford law review. 1991;43(6):1241–99.
  8. McBride DE, Mazur AG. (2008) Women’s movements, feminism, and feminist movements. In: Goertz G, Mazur AG, editors. Politics, Gender, and Concepts: Theory and Methodology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 193-197.
  9. Abeysekera L., Dawson P. (2015) Motivation and cognitive load in the flipped classroom: Definition, rationale and a call for research. Higher education research and development, 34(1):1–14.
  10. Singh JKN., Jacob-John J., Nagpal S., Inglis S. (2022) Undergraduate international students’ challenges in a flipped classroom environment: An Australian perspective. Innovations in education and teaching international, 59(6):724–35.
  11. Tajfel H., Turner J. (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. The social psychology of intergroup relations/Brooks/Cole.
  12. Siegler R., Saffran J., Gershoff E. (2024) How children develop / Robert S. Siegler, Jenny R. Saffran, Elizabeth T. Gershoff, and Campbell Leaper. Seventh edition. Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.
  13. Quattrone GA, Jones EE. (1980) The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers. Journal of personality and social psychology. 38(1):141–52.
  14. Singh R., Mukherjee P. (2018) “Whatever she may study, she can’t escape from washing dishes”: gender inequity in secondary education - evidence from a longitudinal study in India. Compare, 48(2):262–80.
  15. Masterson T. (2012) An empirical analysis of gender bias in education spending in Paraguay. World development, 40(3):583–93.
  16. Government of Canada. (2019) Building a Foundation for Change: Canada’s Anti-Racism Strategy 2019–2022. https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/combatting-racism-discrimination/anti-racism-strategy-2019-2022.html
  17. Warikoo N, Sinclair S, Fei J, Jacoby-Senghor D. Examining Racial Bias in Education: A New Approach (2016). Educational Researcher. 45(9):508–14.
  18. Powell M, (1996) The Claims of Women of Color Under Title VII:the Interaction of Race and Gender. Golden Gate University law review, 26(2):413-436.
  19. Lee SA, Park HS, Kim W. (2009) Gender differences in international students' adjustment. College student journal, 43(4):1217.
  20. Ahmed MMH, Indurkhya B. (2020) Investigating cognitive holding power and equity in the flipped classroom. Heliyon, 6(8):e04672–e04672.