The Influence of Cultural Identity on Language Acquisition in "Third Culture Kids (TCKs)" in America with East Asian Backgrounds
Abstract
The relationship between cultural identity and language acquisition among a special demographic population, Third Culture Kids (TCKs) in America with East Asian backgrounds, is complex. TCKs spend a significant part of their early years outside their parents’ culture and face challenges in language acquisition due to their exposure to multiple cultures. Third Culture Kids with ancient backgrounds face challenges in their lifetime due to differences in cultural backgrounds between their host and home culture. This often leads to a unique “third culture” that blends elements of both cultures. Factors such as the age of language exposure, social interactions, and community attitudes significantly influence this formation of the “third culture”. This essay focuses on the various factors influencing language acquisition, including bilingualism, acculturation, and identity negotiation. Based on theoretical frameworks and empirical studies on sociocultural and identity theories, the aspects influencing language acquisition in TCK with East Asian-American backgrounds and their unique process of language acquisition will be explained.
References
- Bonebright, D. A. (2010). Adult third culture kids: HRD challenges and opportunities. Human Resource Development International, 13(3), 351–359.
- Gilbert, K. R. (2008). Loss and Grief between and Among Cultures: The Experience of Third Culture Kids. Illness, Crisis & Loss, 16(2), 93–109.
- Espinetti, G. L. (2011). The Third Culture Kid (TCK) Experience: Adult-TCKS’ Reflections On Their Multicultural Childhood, Its Impact On Student-Teacher Relationships In U.S. Classrooms And Their Recommendations For Multicultural Teacher Education In The United States.
- Sokol, J. (2009). Identity Development Throughout the Lifetime: An Examination of Eriksonian Theory. Graduate Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1(2), 14.
- Lee, J. S., & Anderson, K. T. (2009). Negotiating Linguistic and Cultural Identities: Theorizing and Constructing Opportunities and Risks in Education. Review of Research in Education, 33(1), 181–211.
- Long, D. (2016). ASIAN THIRD CULTURE KIDS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE CROSS-CULTURAL IDENTITY OF CHINESE STUDENTS EDUCATED IN A WESTERN-CURRICULUM INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
- De Waal, M. F., & Born, M. Ph. (2021). Where I’m from? Third Culture Kids about their cultural identity shifts and belonging. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 83(83), 67–83.
- LaBass, C. (2015). Resilience in Relation to Consistency in Self-Concept in Adult Third Culture Kids (ATCKs).
- Tamara Lynn Williams. (2013). Third route kids : a new way of conceptualizing the adult third culture kid experience.
- Schmidt, M. (2017). Experiencing Difficulties: English Language Issues Among Immersed Third Culture Kids. Journal of Cross-Cultural Family Studies, 1(1).
- Kousta, S.-T., Vinson, D. P., & Vigliocco, G. (2008). Investigating linguistic relativity through bilingualism: The case of grammatical gender. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 34(4), 843–858. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.843
- Huerta-Macías, A., & Quintero, E. (1992). Code-Switching, Bilingualism, and Biliteracy: A Case Study. Bilingual Research Journal, 16(3-4), 69–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/15235882.1992.10162638
- Yu, S.-C. (2015). The Relationships among Heritage Language Proficiency, Ethnic Identity, and Self-Esteem. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 2(2), 57–71. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1133937
- Peterson, B. E., & Plamondon, L. T. (2009). Third culture kids and the consequences of international sojourns on authoritarianism, acculturative balance, and positive affect. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(5), 755–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.014
- Wei-ming, T. (1996). Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity. Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 50(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.2307/3824246
- Hwang, K.-K. (2011). Face and Morality in Confucian Society. International and Cultural Psychology, 265–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1439-1_10
- Rudmin, F. W. (2003). Critical History of the Acculturation Psychology of Assimilation, Separation, Integration, and Marginalization. Review of General Psychology, 7(1), 3–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.3
- Mosanya, M., & Kwiatkowska, A. (2023). Multicultural Identity Integration versus Compartmentalization as Predictors of Subjective Well-Being for Third Culture Kids: The Mediational Role of Self-Concept Consistency and Self-Efficacy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 3880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053880
- Lijadi, A. A., & Van Schalkwyk, G. J. (2017). Place identity construction of Third Culture Kids: Eliciting voices of children with high mobility lifestyle. Geoforum, 81, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.02.015
- Vargas, J. H., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2012). Ethnicity and Contemporary American Culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(2), 195–222. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112443733
- Tarique, I., & Weisbord, E. (2013). Antecedents of dynamic cross-cultural competence in adult third culture kids (ATCKs). Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research, 1(2), 139–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/jgm-12-2012-0021